想要了解抄袭？代写？引用？阅读下面这篇文章，帮你分的清清楚楚明明白白！今天我们就收集了一份来自英国某高校老师的专业讲解，看看这位老师如何手把手来教你写出好论文！（文章配有中英文，大家读起来更涨知识啦）
Must-Read Series Part 1: A lecturer’s guide to writing a good dissertation – Understanding Plagiarism, Ghost-writing and Referencing.
我亲爱的同学们，实不相瞒，今天绝对是一个喜大普奔的好日子！
观众云：what are you 弄啥类？
因为今天我要从我这个专（jue）业（dui）人（nei）士（hang）角度出发，仔仔细细教你看清写论文里的各种小把戏，学会各种小技巧。
I will be giving you an inside look into the tips and tricks that can help you improve your dissertation. As a university lecturer, I understand the many difficulties
international students face before they even put pen to paper. Terms like plagiarism, and referencing confuse even the most able students – but not anymore. In this edition
of our Must-Read Series, I will demystify Plagiarism, Ghost-writing and Referencing.
作为一个大学老师，我是相当的理解你们每次写论文时候痛苦万分的心情。很多时候都不知道要怎么写出第一句话，更不要说一整篇论文的那种几近崩溃的心情有木有，而且，分（wan）类（quan）细（bu）致（dong）的各种要求和定义一大堆，比如光是“抄袭”和“引用”的定义就不知道迷惑了多少的莘莘学子。在今天的这篇文章里，我就来教大家分清楚，到底啥叫“抄袭”，“代写”和“引用”。
Plagiarism
We’ve all heard the phrase, but what does it really mean? Essentially, plagiarism refers to a student using statements made by others without referencing them. If you find yourself in the situation where you are trying to pretend that a piece of work is your own when it really is not, then that is considered plagiarism.
Why is it so serious?
Plagiarism is taken very seriously because it is simply a form of cheating. Now you may have heard stories about a ‘friend-of-a-friend’ escaping the watchful eye of their lecturers and universities, but consider this sheer luck and are likely to use Turnitin which detects any possible plagiarism from your submitted work. At worst, some may even consider removing a student from their programme of study or the university, if they repeatedly submit plagiarised work.
What should I remember?
The main thing to remember is to plan your time and reference appropriately. Unfortunately, plagiarism often occurs from students forgetting to use in-text citations, footnotes and bibliographies (this will be covered in the last section). We lecturers do want you to showcase your wide reading and therefore want you to include referenced arguments made by experts. It would be easier if you could mark the references whilst you are writing the essay, and consolidate the bibliography after finish writing. Nowadays, many reference generating servises are available online, you may would like to have a try.
抄袭
“抄袭”这词人人都听过，但究竟是个啥意思？其实，抄袭就是指明明引用了别人说过的话或是写过的句子，却不事先声明一下自己在引用，而是假装自己原创。就好比你写了句全世界人都知道的’To be or not to be, it is a problem.’ 在自己的文章里，但没有注明这是莎翁的句子，那就算作是抄袭啦！
为什么大家把“抄袭”这回事看的如此重要？
其实就是简单的不能再简单的原因啦，因为“抄袭”就是一种作弊。你可能有听说过哪个小伙伴的小伙伴顺利的逃过了学校的审查，抄袭没有被发现。然而这绝对是在铤而走险，绝对不要去尝试！绝对不要去尝试！绝对不要去尝试！（重要的话说三遍）每个大学都把抄袭这回事看的非常非常非常重要，都会用Turnitin系统去检查每篇论文抄袭的可能性。如果抄袭重复发生，学校是可能直接要求学生退学的（吓死宝宝了）！
写论文的时候关于“抄袭”得记得干啥？
最主要要做的事情，其实就是一定要记得合理安排你的写论文时间，并且永远记得要注明“引用”啦！很多时候很可惜的是，同学们忘记了要使用文章中引用，脚注，还有文献目录（今天文章的最后一段会具体解释这三项哦）。作为老师，我们是真心希望看到同学们为了写论文做了大量的阅读，所以希望你们可以把那些引用过的语句都标注出来，也方便我们正确合理的给你们论文打分啦。最好是能在写的时候就标记reference，并且归纳bibliography。而且现在很多网站都能帮大家规整，不妨试试。
Ghost-Writing
What is ghost-writing?
Ghost-writing refers to an author producing a piece of work but not being credited; i.e. getting someone else to write your assignment, and then pretending it is yours.
Why is it a serious thing?
Engaging in ghost-writing can be a haunting experience for any student. Similar to plagiarism, it is a form of cheating and taken very seriously by universities. Although a ghost-written assignment can be hard to detect, large discrepancies in marks between different types of assessments (such as exams and reports) for the same student can cause a degree of suspicion. Your university will not hesitate in taking disciplinary action, which may result in failing directly from a programme or removed from the university itself.
What NOT to do.
The best advice I can give you is to fully utilize your advisory meetings with your dissertation supervisor. If you have any doubts it is better to turn to your supervisor or lecturer than sacrifice your degree at the expense of a ghost-writer.
代写
首先的首先，啥叫“代写”？
“代写”指的是一个人明明写了一篇文章，却没有被归功成这篇文章的作者（你说冤不冤！）。也就是说，如果你让别人写了篇文章以后，把文章拿来说成是自己写的，就算作是“代写”啦。
为啥“代写”很严重？
“代写”这事儿可能对于很多同学来说，简直是魂牵梦绕相当诱人。但是！“代写”和“抄袭”从本质上都是属于作弊的，当然也就被每个大学认为是绝对不可取的，一旦发现就会被非常严肃的对待。虽然“代写”比起“抄袭”很难被发现，但是大学老师不是吃素的好嘛！我们会比对每个学生不同作业的水平，比如说，如果我们发现你的这篇report作业和上一回考试时写得report风格和质量相差甚远，妥妥的会立刻进（xiang）行（dang）调（huai）查（yi），可能的后果就是直（bu）接（neng）挂（bu）科（kao），或者直接勒令退学啦。
千万千万不要做的事情？
我能给你的最好的建议就是：好好利用每一次你和你的论文指导老师的面谈机会！有任何问题都应该毫不犹豫，完全主动的咨询你的导师或老师！千万不要冒着丢了大学的文凭的风险找代写！不要找代写，不要找代写，不要找代写！（重要的事情再次说三遍）
Referencing (aka citing)
Importance of referencing. As mentioned previously, referencing, also known as citing, is a key area which often gets overlooked by many students, due to its low mark allocation. But remember, without referencing appropriately, you could be caught for plagiarism.
I would describe referencing as a method to highlight the information sources used in the body of any text. Referencing is used to acknowledge statements or quotes from an expert, and to allow the reader to trace the source. Please use published sources as references such as academic textbooks, journals (e.g. business journals), newspapers (broadsheet newspapers, not tabloid newspapers), and government sources (such as a range of news websites) rather than sources whereby it is often not possible to know the writer and therefore have no idea of the level of trustworthiness of the source (such as Wikipedia). If you would like to cite other’s dissertation, it is usually viable for those written by PHDs, as other dissertations are normally not published, and may result in suspicision of plagiarism.
What supervisors look for?
Dissertation supervisors and lecturers expect you and every other student to follow the rules set by a specific referencing system, i.e. Harvard-style or Chicago. Firstly you need to ensure you understand what these rules are for each type of source you use (e.g. online source, book, journal, newspaper, etc). Once you have the understanding you must adhere to those given rules. For example, if you put forth an argument from ‘expert A’, it is essential to include their name and date of source in brackets, within the text.
How to reference i.e. Harvard Template/Example
To fully understand the referencing method for commonly used materials, make sure to visit your university library.
I hope you are now armed with the knowledge to write a great dissertation!
Last but not least, I would like to emphasize again that integrity is always the most important thing that UK schools and teachers concerns. You may have noticed that there have been more examinations especially set for Chinese students these years. This is actually a method that schools use to assess the true ability of students again, reducing the chance of plagiarism and ghost-writing being neglected.
参考/引用
引用的重要性
前文也有提及过，“引用”又被成为“参考”，是非常重要却又容易被同学们忽略的一件事，因为每篇论文给引用这一项的分值分配都很少。然而千万要记得的是，如果没有正确的进行“引用”，你可能就会成为被误认为是“抄袭”的冤大头啦！
在我看来，引用是一种标注出所有正文里信息来源的方法。它能指所有来自专（bie）家（ren）说过的话或是写过的句子，从而帮助读者找到每一句这样的陈述的来源。还有一点要注意的是，reference一定要来源于出版过的文献，教科书、杂志期刊、大型报纸（不是小报哦！）、官方信息（比如新闻公报之类的）。不能是未知作者的的文献，比如维基百科。如果想投机取巧用Wikipedia的话，大概还是死了这条心为好，还有人会想引用别人的论文，但是请千万记住，一般只有博士的毕业论文才有参考价值，别的论文因为没有被出版过，所以还是不要引用了，搞不好还会被算作抄袭。
指导/监督老师找的是啥？
论文导师和讲师通常希望同学们能够遵循一种标准的引用系统进行引用，比如哈佛标准或者芝加哥标准。首先，你应该了解这两种不同系统的引用标准，对于每一种引用来源的标准都要清！清！楚！楚！比如网上来源，文献，期刊，报纸等等。当你搞清楚了这些标准以后，记得在作引用的时候，要完完全全的按照这些标准来。比如说，你想要在论文里写一句来自“专家A”说的观点，就一定要记得在文章里面的括号里标注好专家的名字以及说这句话的时间。
到底怎么作引用？
如果你想要清清楚楚的了解引用常用信息来源的方法和标准，比如哈佛标准，你可以到学校图书馆去找一找相关手册或者例子，看懂了那些例子以后，自然也就能融会贯通地自己进行论文里的引用啦！
说了这么多，希望同学们现在都能够分清楚“抄袭”，“代写”和“引用”的区别，并且把正确的引用方式运用到以后自己写论文的过程中啦！
最后的最后，还是想要强调一下：永远记得诚信是英国学校和老师最最看中的。想必大家可能感觉得近两年中国学生集中的专业考试越来越多，其实基本上就是学校和老师为了防止抄袭和代写非法获得好成绩，想要再次检验学生真是水平。所以在你心中一千万只草泥马狂奔地准备考试的时候，要知道这场考试可能就是因为你的前辈留给你的礼（xue）物（zhai）。
在必读系列的下一扒里（文章点击这里进入），我会向大家介绍如何提升你的写作结构和风格，尽请期待哦！
本文作者Keeshon，从事大学商科教学多年，目前依然在伦敦从事教学工作，为了更好的和华人学生沟通，自学中文，并同时在Proofie担任辅导顾问。在Proofie，老师会非常耐心地为你解释你的问题，为你提供贴心的辅导，是真正的全心全意为你服务。
（以上内容由第三方提供）
